Executive briefing: Operating Models

Central proposition. The evidence reviewed here converges on the operating model — rather than technology choice, including the now-live choice between Western and Far East frontier models — as the stronger predictor of enterprise AI outcomes. This reading is consistent with two decades of IT-economics research establishing that technology investment produces returns only alongside complementary organisational investment (Brynjolfsson & Hitt, 2000; Tabrizi et al., 2019).